Anderson And Hemingways Use Of The First Person Essay -- essays resear

"It is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing."At one point in his short story, "Big Two-Hearted River: Part II", Hemingway's character Nick speaks in the first person. Why he adopts, for one line only, the first person voice is an interesting question, without an easy answer. Sherwood Anderson does the same thing in the introduction to his work, Winesburg, Ohio. The first piece, called "The Book of the Grotesque", is told from the first person point of view. But after this introduction, Anderson chooses not to allow the first person to narrate the work. Anderson and Hemingway both wrote collections of short stories told in the third person, and the intrusion of the first person narrator in these two pieces is unsettling. In both instances, though, the reader is left with a much more absorbing story; one in which the reader is, in fact, a main character. With the exception of "My Old Man", which is entirely in the first person , and "On the Quai at Smyrna", which is only possibly in the first person, there is just one instance in In Our Time in which a character speaks in the first person. It occurs in "Big Two-Hearted River: Part II", an intensely personal story which completely immerses the reader in the actions and thoughts of Nick Adams. Hemingway's utilization of the omniscient third person narrator allows the reader to visualize all of Nick's actions and surroundings, which would have been much more difficult to accomplish using first person narration. Nick is seen setting up his camp in "Big Two-Hearted River: Part I" in intimate detail, from choosing the perfect place to set his tent to boiling a pot of coffee before going to sleep. The story is completely written the in third person and is full of images, sounds, and smells. In "Big Two-Hearted River: Part II" Hemingway exactly describes Nick's actions as he fishes for trout. Details of his fishing trip are told so clearly that the reader is almost an active participant in the expedition instead of someone reading a story. He carefully and expertly finds grasshoppers for bait, goes about breakfast and lunch-making, and sets off into the cold river. By being both inside and outside Nick's thoughts, the reader can sense precisely the drama that Hemingway wishes to bring to trout fishing.... ...art of the story. The entire book is a dialogue between narrator and reader. The effect is that the reader becomes even more involved in the stories. Both of these works are unlike others from the same time period which are told completely using first person narration. Gertrude Stein's The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas and Anita Loos' Gentlemen Prefer Blondes are both written wholly in the first person. But both of these read like diaries, of which the reader is just that - a reader. Neither one has a point at which the reader is so definitely brought into the story consciously by the author. By jumping abruptly into first person instead of using it all along, Hemingway and Anderson more effectively do this. Anderson's and Hemingway's sudden switches to first person narration of course could not have been mere mistakes, and their reasons may have been even more convoluted than imaginable to late twentieth century readers. What is left are two collections of short stories in which the reader plays an actual role. The intrusion of first person narration makes these stories come alive in a way that a third person narration cannot, a tribute to the skill of both of these authors.

Pragmatism and the Environment Essay

The environment is at stake. The world we live in is a state of slow death—that the world is dying everyday just as the human body loses body cells every minute. Every natural resource of the world is continually abused without thought of the consequences. In a way, human beings are that of a virus, a systemic biological specie that consumes an abundant and relatively beneficial part, destroys it, moves on to another area, and leaves the consumed, worthless, and decimated. However, human experience teaches us that we cannot always deny the natural law because as intelligible beings capable of understanding, we have the natural ability to adapt to any environment given and finding ways and means to survive. As such, the development of the human race is not possible if not for our natural inclination of adaptability, protection of species, and survival. In the essay Pragmatism and Environmental Thought by Kelly Parker (1996), she mentions â€Å"what we must not try to do is not to master the natural world, but to cultivate meaningful lives within various environments. † This coincides with the natural law of adaptability, in which human beings need not defy standards as defined by nature but to harness it and provide necessary means of survival. Pragmatic Knowledge and Environmental Issues Pragmatism heavily relies on factual understanding rather than the complete belief in the innate ideas of the human mind. William James, John Dewey, Charles Pierce, among other founders of American pragmatism during the start of the century, argued that there are no innate beliefs in which knowledge is based. This means that knowledge is not innately transposed upon the human mind. Rather, experience confirms this â€Å"baseless† knowledge through factual and concrete understanding—that an ideology is only accepted as true if it is to be found practical in application. Human experience is then the basis of such practicality and its truthfulness is defined through practical solutions. The environment is not detached from the pragmatist or any other being. The environment is part of the experience, that there is a symbiotic relationship between the two biological systems as well as other life systems. Parker (1996) emphasized this point in her essay: â€Å"environment, in the most basic sense, is the field where experience occurs, where my life and the lives of others arise and take place† (p. 29). Every circle must have definite bounds in which it interacts and from that interaction is where experience revolves. Through these experiences, there have been developments in the field concerning the environment, especially on ethics. The development of environmental ethics is based on the pragmatic movement. More specifically, the interaction between the two different world views of nature leads to the eventual development of these ethics. These ethics later become moral standards for people until they become a â€Å"norm† of living for most. Based from these practical experiences, these social norms transform into methods of newer forms of social responsibility and enhance environmental awareness such as new laws and legislations concerning the environment, grassroots activism, among others. The Ethical/Global Problem As inferred by the pragmatic view, pragmatism’s role with the environment is more on application rather than theorization. In a more general perspective, human beings have the natural tendency to abuse their surrounding and not to take into account their own actions against different ecological systems around them. This coincides with the debate on moral pluralism and anthropocentrism. Moral pluralism specifies â€Å"no single moral principle or over-arching theory of what is right can be appropriately applied in all ethically problematic solutions† (Parker, 1996, p. 31). There is no ultimate and essential set of moral laws governing every scenario of moral problems. Because of the subjectivity of experience, it cannot be applied to any moral problem because of the lack of objectivity. In relation to environmental cases, there are different moral standards (i. e. , culture, geographical location) that must be taken into account in order for a set of moral/environmental laws to be applied. These different subjective inquiries on what should be protected, allowed, or banned come into a moral dilemma—whether it would be practical or not. Moral pluralism is also related to the problem of anthropocentrism—the prioritization of values for human beings. Human life is placed on greater importance rather than other outside factors. In her article, Parker (1996) further explains this line of reasoning: Again, this is not to say that human whim is the measure of all things, only that humans are in fact the measurers. This must be a factor in all our deliberation in all environmental issues. We can and should speak on other’s behalf when appropriate, but we cannot speak from their experience (p. 2). The essay proposes that we create standards and laws by speaking for ourselves and for the things that we want to protect based on our own experiences and judgment. For instance, the advocates of endangered species or an ecological subsystem represent their â€Å"party† to other human being. It is through the advocates that these creatures are represented in the debate over human need. The Global Challenge With the looming threat of global warming, greenhouse gas, and other ecological concerns, what we should do is concentrate more on proper action and proper representation of all the numerous aspects of the environment. We have already identified several problems that cause environmental distress recently and from these problems, there should be a formulation of steps to quickly counteract these issues. If left ignored or continually debated upon without any concrete formulas of implementation, these problems will continue to grow until they become uncontrollable. The proper need of identifying these problems will help in creating different strategies as well as formulating legal actions that will help protect and preserve environmental issues. The factual and general perspective is the world is dying and it continues to deteriorate as the number of human population increases. The matter of proper action comes into play through the environmental advocacies all around the world that supports of revitalizing planet earth. However, there remains the fact that human beings generally view the environment as something that can be planted, created, destroyed, and recreated again. This cycle implies that even with human intervention, the natural law of nature will still take its place. Society, especially today, should learn to adapt and live harmoniously with the environment in order to create a symbiotic relationship between the two. We also have to address the apathy of humans towards its environment. We should remove from the human mindset that the ecological system that we live in is not infinite and it will soon vanish if we are to let our actions not reflected upon. By examining our actions, we may come to a realization that everything that we do may affect the environment in ways that we might not even know. Removing this unconscious reinforcement may well be one of the keys in solving our environmental problem. The depletion of our natural resources, the unnatural effects of greenhouses gases and the growing number of human population are just a few of many environmental issues that should be given importance. Although these problems are already experiencing drastic developments for the last six years, we already have the initiative and the technology to somehow lessen its steady increase and may eventually, although not essentially eradicate, balance the gap between human state of living and the environment. Living with an ecological system, we must learn how to balance our actions and lifestyles in order to build a beneficial relationship. In this way, everybody wins. Reference Parker, K. (1996) Pragmatism and Environmental Thought. In A. Light & E. Katz (Eds. ) Environmental Pragmatism. London and New York: Routledge (21-37).

Plesiadapis Facts

Name: Plesiadapis (Greek for almost Adapis); pronounced PLESS-ee-ah-DAP-iss Habitat: Woodlands of North America and Eurasia Historical Period: Late Paleocene (60-55 million years ago) Size and Weight: About two feet long and 5 pounds Diet: Fruits and seeds Distinguishing Characteristics: Lemur-like body; rodent-like head; gnawing teeth About Plesiadapis One of the earliest prehistoric primates yet discovered, Plesiadapis lived during the Paleocene epoch, a mere five million years or so after the dinosaurs went extinct—which does much to explain its rather small size (Paleocene mammals had yet to attain the large sizes typical of the mammalian megafauna of the later Cenozoic Era). The lemur-like Plesiadapis looked nothing like a modern human, or even the later monkeys from which humans evolved; rather, this small mammal was notable for the shape and arrangement of its teeth, which were already semi-suited to an omnivorous diet. Over tens of millions of years, evolution would send the descendants of Plesiadapis down from the trees and onto the open plains, where they would opportunistically eat anything that crawled, hopped, or slithered their way, at the same time evolving ever-larger brains. It took a surprisingly long time for paleontologists to make sense of Plesiadapis. This mammal was discovered in France in 1877, only 15 years after Charles Darwin published his treatise on evolution, On the Origin of Species, and at a time when the idea of humans evolving from monkeys and apes was extremely controversial. Its name, Greek for almost Adapis, references another fossil primate discovered about 50 years earlier. We can now infer from the fossil evidence that the ancestors of Plesiadapis lived in North America, possibly coexisting with dinosaurs, and then gradually crossed over to western Europe by way of Greenland.

Essay about It Wasn’t War it Was Genocide in Rwanda

It Wasn’t War it Was Genocide in Rwanda Never ending battles have occurred over the past sixty years in Rwanda due to their atrocious economy. It has been the Tutsi and the Hutu, two out of the three ethnic groups in Rwanda, that have been battling for the government spot. As the years went on, the fighting kept getting more brutal. This brutality ended up being an all out massacre in Rwanda from the Hutu. It has been argued whether if the killings were an act of genocide or an act of war. But what are exactly genocide and war, and which one relates to the conflict in Rwanda? Because of the way the Hutu went through with there harsh brutality towards the Tutsi provides enough evidence to prove that the Hutus actions were an act†¦show more content†¦When Belgium brought in colonialism they also brought in the Catholic Church. This irritated the Tutsi and they started to get agitated against Belgium authority. The Tutsi felt that Rwanda was just fine and there didn’t need to be anything changed. Th e negative response towards the new colonial economy and the Catholic Church that the Belgians brought in will end up coming back at the Tutsi. The Belgians saw this negative attitude and because of this attitude from the Tutsi the Belgians switched there support toward the Hutu. Since the Tutsi did not treat the Hutu with much respect in the past years the Hutu could take advantage of this support from the Belgians and payback the Tutsi’s for how they treated them in past years. Along with the Belgians support toward the Hutu came the Hutu Revolution in 1959. It all started with the Belgians getting the Hutu more political positions, getting them into secondary schools, and getting them to just participate in more public life. This scared the Tutsi. The Tutsi, feeling that there power was being jeopardized, decided they had to do something. Feeling that they were in a desperate situation they ended up killing a Hutu sub-chief. The vivid Hutu, feeling that it was time to take a stand, attacked Tutsi officials, who in return attacked the Hutu. This turned into one of many smallShow MoreRelatedA Look at the Rwandan Genocide Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pagesare suffering and have very little hope. Genocide is the only reason. Everything could have been prevented if genocide didn’t exist. The world basically ignored the genocide and pretended like it never happened because they didn’t want to spend the money. Thousands of people could still be alive if the world stepped up at helped the victims of this horrible crime. Rwanda used to be a peaceful country until the Civil war started. Belgium then took over Rwanda and put the Tutsis in charge of the governmentRead MoreThe Genocide And The Rwandan Genocide1256 Words   |  6 PagesIn the year 1994, the Rwandan Genocide took place. During this time, Rwandans were set into two distinctive groups that were at war with each other. He Hutu ethnic majority were determined to remove the Tutsi ethnic minority. In westernized states, many people were not concerned with this because they felt that there was no real connection. The United States, specifically, did not want to engage in what they believed to be â€Å"not their fight†. In 2004, Hotel Rwanda was released and it baffled many westernsRead MoreSimilarities and Differences Between the Conflicts in Sierra Leone and Rwanda 549 Words   |  3 PagesDuring the 1900’s two deadly wars were raging on, the civil war in Sierra Leone and the genocide in Rwanda. The civil war in Sierra Leone beg an in March 1991, while the genocide began in 1994. Combined these two wars killed upward of 1,050,000 people, and affected the lives of all the people that lived there. The conflicts in Sierra Leone and Rwanda occurred for different major reasons, but many little aspects were similar. Politics and Ethnicity were the two main conflicts, but despite the differentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Maria Kizito And Hotel Rwanda Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesMaria Kizito and Hotel Rwanda are true accounts of two isolated events that took place in Rwanda during a genocide in 1994 where nearly one million innocent people lost their lives. Maria Kizito is a play that focuses mainly on the trial of a catholic nun, Maria Kizito, who was charged and found guilty of promoting and facilitating the murder of seven thousand refugees who sought shelter from Hutu extremist at a local convent (Kizito 178). Whereas Hotel Rwanda focuses on the life of Paul RusesabaginaRead MoreThe World Reacted Toward s The Act Of Genocide Essay1081 Words   |  5 PagesMerriam-Webster dictionary defines genocide as â€Å"the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group† . Killing groups of people based on their religious preference, sexual orientation, and even just for punishment. You might be thinking, what actually causes a person (or leader) to commit genocide? How has the world reacted towards the act of genocide? Finally, what groups have been affected by genocide? Many reasons as to why genocide occurs, it is because a leaderRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy : The Game Of Plausible Deniability1625 Words   |  7 Pagessection of my paper, the U.S. was spread across the globe in several conflicts. The U.S. had forces in Haiti, Somalia, the Balkans, and the middle East, so when the bloodshed began in Rwanda, the U.S. was not eager to extend it resources to another battle. John Shattuck, Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights stated, â€Å"Bosnia was in one of its real crisis modes. The Europeans didn’t want to authorize American air strikes for fear that it would endanger troops, and US was not about to authorize anyRead MoreDifference Between Genocide And War1166 Words   |  5 Pagesthere a difference between genocide and war? The idea and concepts of conflict are often misunderstood. To many, any form of conflict is war. War can be defined as a direct violent encounter between two or more opposing parties with a view to gaining access to an object of their mutual interests. It is usually accompanied by the use of weapons such as guns, bows and arrows, machetes, sticks, biological weapons, and weapons of mass destruction. (Insert bibliography #1). Genocide has been described as aRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide882 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rwandan Genocide was one of the most horrific acts of genocide since the Holocaus t during World War II.   Lasting only one hundred days it claimed the lives of over 800,000 people and had lasting effects on global civilization  to this day. Even though the world had been consumed by many travesties before, the Rwandan Genocide exposed that violent human injustices on a grand scale could still happen regardless of the advancements made within â€Å"global society†. Decades of internal conflict withinRead MoreThe Genocide : A Mass Murder Of People From A Ethnic Group1648 Words   |  7 PagesA genocide is a mass murder of people from a particular ethnic group or nation. The genocide in Rwanda seems to start when the Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu, was shot down above Kigali airport in 1994.The political and historical context was handled passably as it showed to an extent how innocent Hutus and Tutsis were being slaughtered. It also mentioned the president being Hutu and Tutsis killed him from his plane, and how the radio announcers were calling Tutsis cockroaches andRead MoreGenocide is a mass killing of a group of people. One genocide that is very well known is the800 Words   |  4 Pages Genocide is a mass killing of a group of people. One genocide that is very well known is the Holocaust. The Jewish civilization was involved with this genocide; they were the victims. They were targeted, treated terribly (beaten, tortured, and killed in a number of ways), and this event has affected them since then and will always have an impact on their lives. One of many genocides to occur happened in Rwanda. It is located in east-central Africa with a population of seven million. There

Capital Punishment And The Death Penalty - 2003 Words

Death Penalty What’s burnt to a crisp and did something illegal? Picture a man sitting in a dark room blindfolded with his legs and hands tied. Two thousand volts of electricity are going into his body. It only takes five seconds for this person to die. He is not a victim. He has received what the American justice system calls the worst punishment that can be given. Yet we find Capital Punishment to still be a controversial topic. Capital punishment is a judicially ordered execution of a prisoner for a serious crime, often called a capital crime. Society has very split views on the death penalty, ranging from inhumane to a person should be held accountable in the most severe way for their crimes against society. There are individuals that†¦show more content†¦Scriptures in the Bible say that death should take place for stealing, killing and rape. There are currently several forms of performing an execution, one of them being lethal injection. Oklahoma became the first state in 1977 to make lethal injection a means of execution. Today 32 states that have the death penalty use this method. When this method is used, the inmate is usually restrained on a stretcher and a member of the execution team places several heart monitors on their skin. Two needles are used, one is a back up and the other is inserted into larger veins, usually in the inmate’s arms. Long tubes connect the needle through a hole in a cement block wall to a few intravenous (I.V.) drip bags. The first step is to start a saline solution that is harmless. Then at the warden’s signal, a curtain is raised allowing the inmate to be seen by witnesses from a viewing room. Then, the inmate is injected with sodium thiopental, an anesthetic, which puts the inmate to sleep. The next drugs given are pavulon, or pancuronium bromide. These drugs paralyze the entire muscle system, which stops the inmate’s breathing. Finally, the flow of potassium chloride stops the heart (Evans, 61). Another form of execution is by using a large quantity of electricity. The person is usually shaved and strapped to a chair with belts that cross their chest, groin, legs, and arms. A metal skullcap-shaped electrode is attached to the scalp and forehead over a

Differences among Corporate, Institutional and Government Procurement Free Essays

The procurement strategies differ greatly in the government, corporate and institutional sectors. First and foremost, there are some key distinctions in the supply chain management (SCM), that is in the â€Å"process-oriented system of purchasing, producing, and delivering product to customers† that includes the complete supply chain, i. e. We will write a custom essay sample on Differences among Corporate, Institutional and Government Procurement or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"demand, supply, manufacturing, transportation and distribution†(1, 2006). Recently the industrial sector has increased the SCM standards with emphasis on speed and turnover of goods. For example, the turnover of inventory in Wal-Mart is approximately 12 hours (2, 2006). The government sector is less efficient in the SCM due to legal, cultural or material complexities, not to mention the bureaucracy that can influence the speed of logistics and supply. However, in the military industry the big contractors and the Pentagon are theoretically able to interact through â€Å"the revolving door†. In practice, it can lead to the conflicts of interests, when the businesses hire government officials with a view to influence the government procurement strategies – for instance, Darleen Druyun’s case, the deputy acquisition chief for the Air Force, hired by Boeing in 2003) (3, 2004). Government purchasing can be more large-scale in terms of allocated funds; however, it complies not only to the matters of immediate financial benefit, but also to the state-level concerns. For example, the Government Purchasing Project by the Center for Responsive Law is regulated by environmentally preferable purchasing policies on the federal, state and local government level (4, 2006). Institutional purchasing faces fewer barriers in the form of formalities and large-scale commitments. Government procurement is an effective process of supplying necessary goods and services because of its holistic quality. The government establishes its own rules in view of the internal and external state policy and economic conditions. This is a flexible procurement process, and if rules were adequate to the demand, it is highly effective. By administering contracts the government agencies can choose the most favourable deal for supplying the required goods and services. However, here is a danger of making rules for their own sake, i. e. bureaucracy. To sum up, the differences between corporate, institutional, and government procurement lie in SCM (turnover speed), purchasing strategies and long-term perspectives, as well as general economic and political context. How to cite Differences among Corporate, Institutional and Government Procurement, Papers

Vocational Education and Training Programs †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Vocational Education and Training Programs. Answer: Introduction In majority of the cases, most of the articles related to the logistics and supply chain management discusses about the future potentiality of the sectors and the current pace of development. However, apart from all of these, there are various issues being faced by the current logistic and supply chain management, which are not discussed extensively. One of these issues is the ageing of the average workforce in the Australian logistics and supply chain management industry. This article is being written by Charles Pauka. According to him, ageing workforce in the logistics and supply chain management industry will have negative impact on the entire industrial process in the long term. This essay will discuss about the effectiveness of this article in relation to the benefits to the logistics and supply chain management of Australia. In order to do so, various other articles will be used in critically analyzing the issue. According to the author, Australia is giving the acute issue of having ageing workforce in place in their logistics and supply chain management sector. According to the reports, the average age of the workforce in logistics and supply chain management in 2001 was 35 to 44 years. However, as per the census of 2017, the average age of the workforce in the same industry is standing at 45 to 54 years (www.tandlnews.com.au, 2018). Thus, the workforce is ageing rapidly and it is reducing the effectiveness and productivity of the logistics and supply chain management sector. This article also discussed about some of the steps being taken by the industry in order to attract more young population in the industry. One of je major steps taken is the initiation of the Youth Jobs Path program by the department of employment, Australia. According to Kulik, Ryan, Harper and George (2014), management of the aging population is one of the major steps for the countries facing the issue of ageing workforce. This is due to the reason that the more effectively population of the country will be managed; the less will be the chance of not having younger workforce in the business sectors. The authors have also stated that it is the responsibility of the government to look after the percentage of the youth population in the country. They should initiated social activities in order to have the favorable younger population in the country. Thus, from this article, it can be concluded that managing the population of the country will help in having younger workforce in all the business sectors. Initiation of the vocational training and education However, on the other hand, there are some authors who have discussed about the importance of the vocational training courses by the government. According to Agrawal (2013), initiation of the effective process of vocational education and training program in the country will help the logistic and supply chain sector to have the supply of the skilled younger workforce. The skill sets of the younger employees are also important to determine due to the reason that in the article written by Charles Pauka, it is discussed that transport companies are not getting interested in recruiting new employees due to the reason that they are not willing to invest in providing training of the new employees and make them as par to the existing older workforce. Moreover, it is also being discussed that majority of the younger workforce is not skilled enough to work in the rapidly changing and challenging environment of the Australian logistic and supply chain management industry. Thus, transport compan ies are not getting the desired level of new employees, which is also contributing in having the ageing workforce in the business sector. Thus, according to the Agrawal (2013), initiation of the vocational education and training particularly in the logistic and supply chin department will help to have equipped, trained and skilled employees to work for in this industry. The more effective and efficient vocational training program, the less will be issue of not having skilled and younger workforce in place. The above sections have discussed about the different initiatives that can be taken in preventing the issue of ageing workforce. Some authors have discussed about the probable implications that can get originated from having ageing workforce. Determination of these implications will help to analyze the importance of implementing the above discussed steps. According to Connell, Nankervis and Burgess (2015), the key challenge that will be faced by the business sectors from having the ageing workforce is the reduction in the gross productivity and effectiveness. This is due to the reason that according to the authors, older employees will have less productivity along with having less speed and swiftness in doing the similar job as the younger employees. Moreover, older employees will take more time to get accustomed to the changing in the business scenario compared to the younger employees. Thus, in the case of the logistic and supply chain management of Australia, having the older empl oyees in place will reduce their effectiveness and it will have negative impact on the entire business scenario of the country. This is due to the fact that logistic and supply chain management is the base of transporting good to and fro for each and every business sector. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that the article written by Charles Pauka is beneficial for the entire logistic and supply chain management sector of Australia. This is due to the reason that the issue identified in this article is one of the major issues faced by the Australian logistic sector in the recent time. The entire business scenario will get badly impacted if the issue of ageing workforce cannot get solved. Another identified strength of this article is the discussion of the potential preventive measures being initiated by the government of Australia and the transport companies. Thus, this article helps in identifying the internal issues faced by the Australian logistic industry rather than just concentrating on the external factors faced by them in the current business scenario. Reference Agrawal, T. (2013). Vocational education and training programs (VET): An Asian perspective.Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education,14(1), 15-26. Connell, J., Nankervis, A., Burgess, J. (2015). The challenges of an ageing workforce: an introduction to the workforce management issues.Labour Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work,25(4), 257-264. Kulik, C. T., Ryan, S., Harper, S., George, G. (2014). Aging populations and management.Academy of Management Journal,57(4), 929-935. www.tandlnews.com.au. (2018).www.tandlnews.com.au. Retrieved 25 March 2018, from https://www.tandlnews.com.au/2018/03/23/article/we-need-stronger-pathways-to-transport-industry-careers/